Basics of Typography

Hot metal/ also known as hot type composition or cast metal refers to the principal of casting the type in lines in molten metal.

Each letter was laid in a galley or composing guide on character at a time.

In 1886 Otto Mergenthaler designed the first Linotype machine. The linotype machine's matricess or molds of letters are inked to a corresponding key on a typewriter keyboard. As the operator types, the matrices are aligned trough a tube , adjacent to one antoher. Once the operator types in the correct information a button is pressed and the molton lead is poured into the matrices creating a line of cast type in one piece.....hence the name Linotype.

Movable type
Movable type was the next leap from the earliest printing presses that used a wooden block carved with the text. This speeded up production of individual pages but meant a new block had to be carved for each page.

Movable type is a typesetting method that uses single pieces of type that can be set in a block and printed.
Each character is movable and can be used again.

Type size is the vertical size of the body of a character including the space above and below its strokes.

Type size is commonly thought of as the size of the typeface, but it historically refers to the size of the body that holds the printing face of a character in the days of letterpress.

A character will always be slightly smaller than its given type size because of this. Normal reading type sizes are usually 9pt to 12pt and the use of different type sizes in the same text indicates a hierarchy of importance as size influences what is read first.

Serif or Sans Serif
The Two Main Kinds of Fonts
In the U.S. at least, body copy is most often set in serif faces — for most books and newspapers, especially. Experts seldom agree on the reasons for the use of serif or sans serif faces for body copy. Ultimately you will decide based on the needs and wishes of your audience, your clients, and your own sense of what is appropriate.

1. Serif faces are the norm for most books and newspapers making them familiar and comfortable to readers.

2. The serifs on some faces aid readability by moving the eye from one letter to the next -- connnecting individual shapes to form whole words.

3. Serif faces often have a subdued, formal, or serious look.

4. Sans Serif faces are often crisper, bolder, or more informal.

5. Sans Serif faces are often more readable than serif faces when set in very small type (such as for footnotes, captions, and "fine print")

6. Serif faces printed from 300dpi or lower quality desktop printers or printed on textured paper may lose detail in the thin strokes and delicate serifs.

What follows are guidelines and rules of thumb only.
As with any typographic or design issue, use your own judgment.
Keep in mind that there are many other factors, including line spacing and line length, that will weigh heavily in your final choice of body type for any project.

Point Size
A unit of measure in typography which measures the vertical height of type from highest ascender to lowest descender and includes a small shoulder of extra space. There are approximately 72 points to the inch and 12 points is equal to one pica.

So how do you choose a specific typeface for body copy, and why?
Body copy is generally set at 12 point or less, with 9-11 point being a good starting point size. Size will depend on the font, width of the column and the line spacing.

1. In the US at least, SERIF faces are the norm for most books and newspapers making them familiar and comfortable as a body text font.

2. A good body face blends in and doesn't distract the reader with oddly shaped letters, or extremes in x-height, descenders, or ascenders.

3. In general (with many exceptions) consider SERIF faces for a subdued, formal, or serious look.

4. In general (with exceptions) consider a SAN SERIF body text font for a crisper, bolder, or more informal tone.

5. Avoid SCRIPT or handwriting typefaces as a body text font. Some exceptions: cards and invitations where the text is set in short lines with extra line spacing.

6. Save your fancy or unusual typefaces for use in headlines, logos, and graphics. As a body text font they are almost impossible to read comfortably, if at all.

Important Tips:
1. Always do a test print. What you see on the monitor is usually larger when it is printed on paper.
2. Fonts suitable for print do not always translate well to the screen for Web use.

Pica
A unit of measure that is approximately 1/6th of an inch and measures the length of a line of type or a column of type. One pica is equal to 12 points or one inch.

1. Use picas for measuring column width and depth, margins, and other larger distances.

2. Picas and points have a direct relationship to each other. There are 12 points in a pica.

3. There are 6 picas to an inch. A standard US letter size page is 8.5 by 11 inches or 51 by 66 picas. (6 picas are approximately 25 mm)

4. The letter p is used to designate picas as in 22p or 6p. With 12 points to the pica, half a pica would be 6 points written as 0p6. 17 points would be 1p5 (1 pica = 12 pts, plus the leftover 5 pts).

Your software can take away some of the math for you. For instance, with picas as your default measurements in Indesign/Quark, if you type 0p28 (28 points) into the control palette when setting indents or other paragraph settings it will convert it to 2p4 automatically.

TYPOGRAPHY
How to use Type for Layouts
The bulk of what we read is BODY COPY. It's the novels, magazine articles, newspaper stories, contracts, and Web pages we read day after day. You are reading body copy now. Body type or a body face is the typeface used for body copy.
Above most body copy, especially in a magazine or newspaper articles is the HEADLINE, Typography, is the headline for the following paragraphs of information. Just below the headline is the SUBHEAD, How to use Type for Layouts. Subheads are usually smaller in apppearance.

Headlines are the largest followed by the subhead and the smallest size would be the body copy.

Line Spacing
Is the space between lines of text. Also called Leading, pronounced ledd-ing, its name comes from the practice of using metal strips (usually lead) of varying widths to separate lines of text in the days of metal type.
Line spacing is measured from baseline to baseline and is measured in points, just like type.

How much line spacing/leading?
One rule of thumb suggests adding about 20% or around 2 points to the point size of your text as a starting point for adjusting line spacing. Less is generally too crowded.

Changing the leading of text affects its appearance and readability.
When starting a new project, experiment with the amount of line spacing/leading to find what works best. Increased line spacing is also another way to combat gray pages and introduce more white space into a page layout.

A fraction is used when indicating the height of a font and the leading/linespacing used in a paragraph.

12/15 - 12 points is the size of font, 15 points indicates the leading/linespacing
11/18 - 11 points is the size of font, 18 points indicates the leading/linespacing

General Type Terminology

Ascender: The part of lowercase letters (such as k, b, and d) that rise above the x-height of the other lowercase letters.

Baseline: The imaginary line on which the majority of the characters in a typeface rest.Descender The part of lowercase letters (such as y, p, and q) that descends below the baseline of the other lowercase letters in a font face. In some typefaces, the uppercase 3 and Q also descend below the baseline.

Counter: The white space enclosed by a letterform, whether wholly enclosed (as in "d" or "o") or partially (as in "c" or "m").

Descender: The part of lowercase letters (such as y, p, and q) that descends below the baseline of the other lowercase letters in a font face. In some typefaces, the uppercase 3 and Q also descend below the baseline.

Em: An em is a basic unit of measurement for a given typeface derived from the width of its lower case 'm' i.e. 1 em = the point size of the typeface.

The letter 'm' was originally as wide as the type size. The em is actually a square with sides equal to the point size of the typeface. This is used as a constant against which to base other measurements for the typeface such as the paragraph indents. An em dash is a dash one
em in length; an en dash is half the length of an em dash.

Sans serif: A type face that is without serifs. The ends of the strokes are usually square as in Helvetica.

Serif: Small decorative strokes that are added to the end of a letter's main strokes.

Stress: in a typeface, the axis around which the strokes are drawn: oblique (negative or positive) or vertical. Not to be confused with the angle of the strokes themselves (for instance, italics are made with slanted strokes, but may not have oblique stress).

X-height: Traditionally, x-height is the height of the lowercase letter x. It is also the height of the body of lowercase letters in a font, excluding the ascenders and descenders. Some lower-case letters that do not have ascenders or descenders still extend a little bit above or below the x-height as part of their design. The x-height can vary greatly from typeface to typeface at the same point size.