| | | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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| 24-bit image: |
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This type of digital image has pixels that are allocated 24 bits of storage (usually with 8 bits for red, 8 for blue, and 8 for green), allowing representation of 256 by 256 by 256 (or more than 16 million) different color combinations.
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| 8-bit image: |
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This is a digital image composed of as many as 256 possible colors or shades of gray.
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| acquire: |
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The act of transferring an image from a digital camera to a computer or of importing it from another source into a program, such as Photoshop.
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| adaptive palette: |
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This is a set of colors selected to represent, as closely as possible, the colors in the original source image.
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| AF sensor: |
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The sensor used to detect and help correct the focus in cameras equipped with an autofocus function.
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| algorithm: |
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A formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem.
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| ambient: |
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A term used to describe the lighting or illumination in a scene that does not originate from any specific light source, direction, or object in the scene.
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| angle of view: |
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The width of the area a lens can see; measured in degrees.
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| aperture: |
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An opening; this term is used interchangeably with f-stop to denote a camera's diaphragm opening.
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| artifact: |
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Misinterpreted information from a JPEG or a similarly compressed image; includes defects that appear in an image as color flaws or skewed lines.
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| artificial light: |
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Light from a man-made source, usually restricted to studio photo lamps and domestic lighting.
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| ASA: |
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See speed.
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| aspect ratio: |
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This is the ratio of height to width of an image, computer screen, LCD screen, television, or other medium. Images will become distorted if they are forced into a different aspect ratio during enlargement, reduction, or transfers.
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| autofocus: |
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Camera feature that uses an infrared (IR) beam or sonar to set its focus.
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| available light: |
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The light present in an area without the addition of a strobe or a floodlight.
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| AVI: |
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Short for Audio Video Interleave; the file format for Microsoft's Video for Windows standard.
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| backlighting: |
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Illumination of the subject of a photo from behind using either artificial or natural light.
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| bas-relief: |
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In digital photography, this refers to an effect produced with a Photoshop filter, which makes an image appear to be slightly raised off the surface.
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| bit: |
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Short for binary digit, which is a computer value of zero or one, on or off; this is the most basic language used by computers.
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| bit depth: |
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Refers to the color or grayscale of an individual pixel. A pixel with 8 bits per color produces a 24-bit image; 8 bits multiplied by three colors--red, green, and blue--equals 24 bits. CCDs are colored in a pixel-by-pixel method, using the following guidelines:
- 32-bit color (true color) contains billions of colors; suitable only for high-end use.
- 24-bit color (true color) contains 16.7 million colors.
- 16-bit color (high color) has 32,000 colors; the accepted standard for Macintosh.
- 8-bit color has 256 colors; this is the basic setting for Windows.
- 8-bit grayscale has 256 shades of gray.
- 4-bit is 64 colors or grays.
- 2-bit is black and white.
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| bitmap: |
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A means of describing and displaying a graphic image onscreen, pixel by pixel.
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| black point: |
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This is the color that produces color values of 0, 0, 0 for each of the RGB components when scanned or digitized. Normally, the black point is 0 percent neutral reflectance or transmittance.
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| bleed: |
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Refers to printing that extends beyond the edge of a page so that the ink meets the edge after the page is trimmed.
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| blowup: |
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An enlargement of a picture; or the process of enlarging a picture (to blow up).
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| blur: |
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A photographic effect, either intentional or unintentional, that produces an picture with a loss of image sharpness.
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| bmp file: |
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A Microsoft Windows bitmap graphics file that has the extension .bmp.
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| bounce light: |
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Light that is bounced off a reflective surface, such as any of the following: a white card, an aluminized reflector, a wall, or the ceiling.
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| box camera: |
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Simple camera consisting of a lens, a shutter, a media holder, and a viewfinder.
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| burn in: |
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To darken a small area of a picture; named after the process done in a darkroom, where all but the affected area is masked in order to give extra exposure to only the unmasked area.
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| byte: |
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Short for binary term; a unit of storage capable of holding a single character; on almost all modern computers, a byte is equal to eight bits.
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| card: |
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Memory chip that can be used to store images and data. Various forms currently exist, the most popular of which are SmartMedia and CompactFlash. Sony has recently released a Memory Stick format, and Iomega is working on its Clik disk format.
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| catchlight: |
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A light placed so as to reflect tiny white dots in the eyes of a portrait subject.
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| CCD: |
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Short for charged coupled device; a mechanism that converts light into a proportional (analog) electrical current; the two main types of CCD are linear arrays, used in flatbed scanners and digital copiers, and area arrays, found in camcorders, digital cameras, and the like.
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| CGM: |
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Short for computer graphics metafile; this is an image file format designed to handle a wide range of image types.
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chroma:
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A quality of color, combining hue and saturation.
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close-up lens:
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Lens that allows close photography; also called a macro lens.
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| CMYK: |
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Short for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black; color model that defines the amount of color by percentage.
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| codec: |
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Short for compressor/decompressor; a codec is any technology for compressing and decompressing data. Codecs can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of both.
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| color balance: |
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Means of compensating for too much of one color in a photo by adding that color's opposite; for example, if a photo has too much blue, adding a larger percentage of yellow would help achieve a balance.
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| color temperature: |
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A means of measuring the relative redness or blueness of a light source; measured in degrees kelvin (K); higher numbers produce bluer light. Typical incandescent bulbs are approximately 3,200 degrees K, while daylight is about 6,500 degrees K.
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| color wheel: |
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The circular relationship of all colors based on the frequencies of light at each color.
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| compression: |
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The reduction of data to reduce the size of a file; compression can be lossy (for example, JPEG images) or lossless (for instance, TIFF images); lossy images have a greatly reduced file size.
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| continuous tone: |
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An image where brightness appears consistent and uninterrupted; each pixel in a continuous-tone image uses at least one byte for its red, green, and blue values. This allows 256 density levels per color or more than 16 million color mixtures.
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| contrast: |
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A measure of the rate of change of brightness in an image; high contrast suggests content consisting of dark blacks and bright whites; medium contrast implies a good spread from black to white; and low contrast implies a small spread of values from black to white.
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| crop: |
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The action of trimming away the unwanted parts of an image.
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| cropping tool: |
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An applet found within photo-editing software that allows one to trim away unwanted parts of an image.
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| cyan: |
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One of the three primary colors in color prints (coupled with magenta and yellow).
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| daguerreotype: |
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Photo process developed by Joseph Daguerre that produces an extremely grainy, gray or sepia-toned (brownish) image; presently used to artificially convey age.
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| dark voltage: |
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Also called dark current, this is the voltage from a CCD when no light is incident on the CCD.
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| definition: |
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The clarity of detail in an image; dependent upon resolution (number of pixels) and contrast.
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depth of field:
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Means of describing the area of a photograph that is in focus.
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| derived image: |
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An image that was created from another image.
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| diaphragm: |
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This is another term for aperture.
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| diffusion dithering: |
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A method of dithering that distributes pixels randomly rather than using a set pattern.
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digital:
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Any system or device that stores information in a format suitable for computers to read; digital information is stored in bits, where each bit is represented as on/off or one/zero.
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| digital camera: |
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A device that captures an image on a CCD (charged coupled device) so that the image file can be downloaded to and manipulated by a computer; does not use conventional film.
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digital image:
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An image composed of pixels.
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| digitization: |
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The process of converting analog information into a digital format for use on a computer.
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disc:
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Term used to describe optical storage media (laserdisc, compact disc).
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| disk: |
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Term used to describe magnetic storage media (floppy disk, hard disk).
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dithering:
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A method of simulating many colors or shades of gray by combining only a few; for instance, red and blue dots are dithered to make purple. Dithering allows a photo with millions of colors to be displayed on a 256-color monitor and printed on a 4-color printer.
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| dodging: |
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Also called holding back; in traditional darkroom work, the hand of the developer or a piece of cardboard would be used to block light passing from the enlarger to the print, thus lessening the exposure in only specific parts of the picture. Digitally, the effect is to lighten part of the image without affecting the rest.
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DPI:
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Short for dots per inch; a measurement based on the dot density of either a printer's resolution or a video monitor image. For example, most laser printers have a resolution of 300 dpi, and most video monitors are set at about 72 dpi.
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| duotone: |
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An offset-printed image created with two different colors of ink.
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| dynamic range: |
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Refers to the gradations of light and dark that a digital camera can capture where details are neither washed out by light nor concealed by shadows.
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| electronic flash: |
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A small device, usually built into digital cameras, that emits a brief burst of light to provide illumination.
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| emulsion: |
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The photosensitive, chemically active surface on photographic film and paper.
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| EPS: |
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Short for Encapsulated PostScript; a type of graphics file that produces a high-quality image.
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| export: |
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A software function that allows you to save a copy of information produced in one format into a file of another format.
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| exposure: |
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The amount of light that reaches the film; the combination of f-stop and shutter speed, which controls the amount of light that passes through the lens to the film.
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| exposure meter: |
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A device that measures available light and computes correct exposure.
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| fiber optics: |
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An optical system that uses glass or transparent plastic fibers as light-transmitting media; a fiber-optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.
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| file format: |
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A format for encoding visual information in a file; some common image file formats include TIFF, PICT, and EPS files.
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| fill: |
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This is a process that allows you to alter a selected area of an image with a computer graphics program, covering or combining it with a gray shade, a color, or a pattern.
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| film recorder: |
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A device used to record a digital image onto photosensitive film.
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| filmstrip: |
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This is a file format developed by Adobe allowing sequential images from a movie to be transferred between Premiere and Photoshop.
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filter:
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A tinted-glass or plastic lens that fits onto the camera lens to alter the visual field.
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fish-eye lens:
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This is an extremely wide-angle lens. A fish-eye lens magnifies the parts of the image near the center of the image and reduces the parts that are far away from the center.
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fixed-focus lens:
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A lens in which the focus is preset and is not adjustable.
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| flare: |
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The reflected light from lens elements that appears as a non-uniform haze or as bright spots on the film. This usually happens when a bright light directly enters the lens.
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flash card:
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A memory card that works with the flash memory, allowing the camera to retain data after the system has been turned off.
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flash memory:
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A memory chip that has the ability to retain image data even after the host system has been shut off; this feature insures that, even if the digital camera's batteries die, the image data will remain stored in the camera's memory.
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FlashPix:
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The popular trade name for a multiresolution image-file format developed by Kodak, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, and Live Picture.
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flatbed scanner:
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This is an optical scanner in which the original image remains stationary while sensors scan the material from beneath the image.
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focal length:
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The distance from the surface of the lens to the focal point or center point at which light rays converge; the focal length determines the length of the lens.
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| focal range: |
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This refers to the entire area that is in focus.
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| focus: |
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To move the lens or film/image sensor in order to record a sharp image.
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frame grabber:
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A photo-editing program tool used to move menus and palettes around on the screen.
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| FPX: |
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Short for flashpix; an emerging World Wide Web standard file format for images.
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f-stop:
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A means of measuring the width of the diaphragm opening, which determines how much light passes through the lens. Smaller numbers in an f-stop correspond to wider lens openings; as the f-stop reading increases in number, the lens opening decreases inversely.
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| full-screen image: |
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A digital image that takes up the entire computer screen.
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| gamma correction: |
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This is a process that makes pictures appear more accurately on a specific monitor via tone mapping.
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| gamut: |
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The range of colors that can be captured or represented by a camera or graphics device.
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| GIF: |
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Short for graphic image format; an image file format widely used on the Internet; provides high-quality image compression.
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| gradient fill: |
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An image fill that gradually transitions from one color to another; commonly used in graphics editors.
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| granularity: |
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An image fill that gradually transitions from one color to another; commonly used in graphics editors.
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| grayscale: |
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A term used to describe an image that primarily contains shades of gray, as well as black and white.
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| halftone: |
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An image that is reproduced through a series of dots to simulate shades of gray in a photograph; halftone has traditionally been used in the reproduction of images for newspapers and magazines.
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| high-key image: |
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A light, overexposed image, with few dark tones.
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| highlight: |
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This is the lightest part of an image.
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| hue: |
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The tint of a color as measured by the wavelength of light. Hue is also represented by a position on the color wheel.
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| image capture: |
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The use of a device, such as a scanner or digital camera, to create a digital representation of an image. This digital representation can then be stored and manipulated on a computer.
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| image editor: |
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A graphics program that provides a variety of special features for altering bit-mapped images for photographs and graphic images.
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| image processing: |
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The manipulation of images that have been scanned or captured by a digital recording device.
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| index color: |
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This process minimizes the number of colors and file size of a graphic image to 8-bit or less for Web publishing.
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| indexed color image: |
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Images that contain several colors or levels of gray and a palette (or color map) that specifies the color of each given level.
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| interpolation: |
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An averaging process used to estimate an unknown image value bracketed by two or more known image values. In image processing, interpolation is used to smooth the edge lines of images when the resolution of the image is changed. Interpolation often tends to overcompensate for lost detail, and the result is a less-than-sharp image.
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| IR: |
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Short for infrared.
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| ISO: |
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See speed.
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| jaggies: |
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This is a slang term referring to the jagged pixellization effect that occurs in digital imaging.
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| JPEG: |
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Short for Joint Photographic Experts Group; this is a highly compressed image file, which takes an area measuring 8 by 8 pixels and compresses its information to the lowest common value. JPEG images tend to be lower in quality compared to other image formats, but their minimal size frees up room when dealing with limited storage space.
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| LCD: |
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Short for liquid crystal display; a small, flat, visual screen that employs liquid crystal technology in order to display images.
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| leaf shutter: |
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Located in the lens, this camera shutter utilizes a spring with the aperture control device to control the exposure time. It can be synchronized with a flash at any speed.
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| LED: |
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Short for light emitting diode; an electronic device that lights up when electricity passes through it. LEDs are usually red, and are used for camera viewfinder displays, since they can be seen in the dark.
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| lens: |
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An optical device that focuses light rays. In cameras, the lens is the device on the front face (or in a tube extending from the front face) that gathers the incoming light and concentrates it so that it can be directed toward the film (in an optical camera) or the imaging device (in a digital camera).
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| light box: |
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A device for viewing developed film or slides. It consists of a box of backlit balanced light behind a glass or plastic surface on which the film or slides are placed for viewing.
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| light meter: |
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A light-sensitive measuring device used to evaluate the amount of light focused on a subject in order to set the proper exposure.
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| lossless compression: |
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This compression format minimizes the size of files by creating an internal shorthand, which restores the image to its original state before compression.
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| lossy compression: |
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This compression method minimizes file size by eliminating unnecessary data, which causes a slight degradation of image quality.
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| low-key image: |
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A dark underexposed image with few light tones.
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LPI:
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Short for lines per inch; refers to the frequency of horizontal and vertical lines on a halftone screen.
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| luminance: |
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Refers to the black-and-white information, including brightness, sharpness, and contrast, encoded in a video signal or graphic image.
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| macro: |
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The ability of a lens to focus at very close range.
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| map: |
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The process of making one image conform to the size, shape, and/or texture of another.
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| mask: |
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A defined area used to limit the effect of the image-editing operations to certain regions of an image; masks can be drawn manually with a stylus or a mouse, or they can be created automatically.
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| megapixel: |
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A measurement of 1,048,576 pixels (approximately 1 million pixels).
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| Memory Stick: |
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Sony Electronics-based storage media used predominantly in Sony's cameras, computers, and MP3 players.
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| moire pattern: |
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An unwanted effect that appears in digital scans of images.
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| monochrome: |
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A term used to refer to a bi-level graphic; also refers to a single-channel grayscale image.
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| morphing: |
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A special visual effect, used in both film and video, which produces a smooth transformation from one object to another.
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| ND filter: |
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Short for neutral density filter; used to reduce the amount of light passing through a lens without altering the image's color or tonal rendition.
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| negative: |
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This is a piece of processed film in which the image is reversed so that the shadows are light and the highlights are dark.
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| neutral color: |
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In RGB color mode, equal amounts of red, green, and blue make a neutral color.
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| noise: |
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Refers to sound, signal, or data that was not originally intended to be included.
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| nonrecoverable error: |
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This is an uncorrectable change in color from that of the original image.
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| normal lens: |
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A lens that accommodates an image of approximately the same angle of view and the same proportion as that of which the human eye is capable.
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| opacity: |
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The amount of transparency when combining a fill color, painted color, floating selection, pattern, or layer with another layer or background.
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| optical filtering: |
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Refers to the process of selectively transmitting or blocking a range of wavelengths of light.
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| optical sampling rate: |
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The number of samples that are captured by a scanner per linear distance as determined by the optics, electronics, and mechanics of the system.
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| overlay proof: |
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A proof created from color separation negatives that uses sheets of acetate overlaid on each other to create the color image. Each film layer represents one color.
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| palette: |
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A computer graphics term describing the collection of colors or shades available to a graphics system or program.
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| pan: |
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A camera technique in which the point of view is adjusted by moving the camera direction along the horizontal plane.
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| pattern recognition: |
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Computer-based recognition of forms or shapes within an image.
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| PCX: |
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A PC file format used for graphics.
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| phosphors: |
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Tiny red, green, and blue grains on the inside surface of a CRT monitor that are illuminated when an electron beam is directed toward them.
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| PhotoCD: |
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A popular storage method for digital images developed by Kodak.
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| photometer: |
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Also called a light meter, this is an instrument used to measure luminous intensity, luminous flux, illumination, or intensity of light.
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| PICT: |
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A Macintosh file format used for graphics.
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| pixel: |
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Short for picture element; a pixel is a single point in a graphic image.
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| pixel dropping: |
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A subsampling technique used to reduce the number of pixels in an image by dropping every nth pixel from the scan.
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| pixelization: |
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The graininess in an image that results when the pixels are too big, relative to the size of the image.
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| PMS: |
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Short for Pantone Matching System; a trademarked standard for specifying and producing spot colors using proprietary ink mixes.
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| polarization: |
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This is the use of specific filters to control the direction light travels. Effects include the reduction of glare and reflections and the saturation of colors, especially in landscapes.
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| polarizing filter: |
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These are two pieces of polarizing material that rotate on a common axis so that the polarizing effect can be increased or decreased on the camera lens.
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| positive: |
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Also referred to as a slide or transparency; this is a photographic image in which the light areas correspond to light areas in the subject, and the dark areas correspond to the shadow areas in the subject.
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| posterization: |
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The effect produced when a photographic image is displayed or printed with a small number of colors or shades of gray.
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| PPI: |
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Pixels per inch; the measurement of resolution for display or print elements.
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| primary colors: |
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Three colors (red, yellow, and blue), which when combined at various proportions can produce every other color.
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| quadtone: |
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A printed image created with four different colors of ink.
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| QSIF: |
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Short for Quartersize Image Format; an image format in which the image is reduced to 176 by 112 pixels.
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| radial fill: |
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A fill projected outward in all directions from a central point.
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| raster: |
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A pattern of scanning for input or output, which provides uniform coverage of a two-dimensional surface, such as a monitor screen, a scanner bed, or the CCD array in a digital camera.
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| rasterization: |
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The process of converting a graphic image to a bitmap.
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| rangefinder: |
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Device in some cameras used to measure the distance from the camera to the subject and that indicates when the subject is in focus.
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| red eye: |
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A photographic phenomenon caused by light reflecting off the interior surface of the eye, which produces a red glare within the eye.
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| reflectance: |
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Also called reflectivity, this is the fraction of the light incident on a surface that is reflected. Reflectance varies according to the wavelength distribution of the light.
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| relative aperture: |
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Also known as the f-stop, this is the diameter of the aperture of a camera divided by the focal length of the lens.
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| resample: |
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To change the resolution of an image.
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| resolution: |
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A measure of the proportion of the smallest individually accessible portion of a video image to the overall size of the image. The higher the resolution, the finer the detail that can be discerned
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| RGB: |
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Short for red, green, blue; the color model used for generating video on a display screen. It displays colors as varying intensities of red, green, and blue dots.
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| sampling rate: |
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The number of samples obtained in a digitization process per unit of time or distance.
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| saturation: |
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Also known as color purity or the amount of color density, the degree to which a color is diluted by luminance, or white light.
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| scale: |
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To enlarge or reduce an image by increasing or decreasing the number of scanned pixels.
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| scanner: |
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An electronic input device that captures a digital image or objects into a computer.
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| SCSI: |
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Short for small computer system interface; a defined standard for the connection of mass storage and other input/output devices to a computer. A scanner or printer may employ a SCSI interface in order to communicate with a computer.
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| separations: |
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Monochrome negatives that separate the continuous colors of an image into two to four colors for offset printing.
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| shadow detail: |
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These are subtle features in the darker part of an image.
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| sharpen: |
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A computer graphics process that enhances the contrast on the edges of light and dark shapes to make images appear more in focus.
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| sharpness: |
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A reference to whether an image appears to be in focus.
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| shutter: |
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Mechanism that opens and closes at specified intervals in order to allow light to pass through the lens.
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| shutter release: |
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The mechanism that releases the shutter in a camera, causing film or digital imaging elements to be exposed to the incoming light.
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| SIF: |
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Short for Source Image Format; refers to the original image format on which the source image was taken.
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| signal-to-noise ratio: |
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The ratio of the usable signal to unusable noise in any signal. In imaging, this represents the quality of the scan.
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| slide scanner: |
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A scanner configured to accept 35 mm slides; usually capable of scanning only 35 mm transparent material.
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| smoothing: |
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Also known as antialiasing, this is the electronic process of eliminating or reducing jaggies in an image.
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| spectral sensitivity: |
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The relationship between the radiant sensitivity and the wavelength of incident light.
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speed:
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A rating that determines the light sensitivity of the film; ASA (American Standards Association) and ISO (International Standards Organization) provide a standard measure by which all photographic film speeds are determined. However, all digital cameras rate their CCD's sensitivity as equal to that of a given ISO standard.
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| SPIFF: |
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Short for Still Picture Interchange File Format; proposed by the ISO as a standard file format for the transfer of still images.
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| stopping down: |
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In photography, this is the process used to decrease the size of aperture in a lens.
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| subtractive primary colors: |
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Ink or other colorants, such as paint, that when combined together in equivalent amounts produce absolute black, or, when combined in different ratios, produce any color other than black.
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| SVGA: |
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Short for Super Video Graphics Array; defined by IBM; represents a computer graphics adapter capable of 800 by 600 resolution.
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| system palette: |
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A color palette chosen by a computer system and applied to all digital images.
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| TGA: |
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Short for True Vision Targa File; a storage format for bitmapped video images.
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| thumbnail: |
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A small representation of an image; used as an aid in indexing, previewing, or cataloging graphics images.
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| TIFF: |
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Short for Tagged Image File Format; a computer graphics file format developed by Aldus, Adobe, and Apple.
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| transmittance: |
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The fraction of the incident light that passes through an object.
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| tritone: |
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A printed image created with three different colors of ink.
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| truecolor: |
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A term used to describe an image that has a bit depth similar to the response of the human eye and which is considered to represent color as seen through the human eye.
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| TWAIN: |
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A programming interface that lets a graphics application, such as an image-editing program or a digital camera, activate a scanner, a frame grabber, or another image-capturing device.
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| UCR: |
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Short for undercolor removal; reducing the cyan, magenta, and yellow inks from the darkest neutral shadow areas in an image by replacing them with black ink.
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| value: |
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The relative lightness and darkness of a color or tone.
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| VGA: |
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Short for Video Graphics Array; defined by IBM; represents a computer-graphics adapter capable of 640 by 480 resolution. Also see SVGA.
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| video digitizer: |
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Also called a frame-grabber, this is an image capture device that employs a video camera attached to a circuit board in a computer, which converts the video signal into a digital file.
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| viewfinder: |
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An optical or electronic display used to frame an image in the camera. One looks through the viewfinder in order to see the image that will be captured by the camera.
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vignetting:
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The action of blurring the background so that the subject stands out.
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| visible light: |
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The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see, bordered on the "red" end by infrared, and on the "blue" end by ultraviolet.
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| VRAM: |
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Short for video random access memory; a special high-speed type of RAM that is used temporarily to store visual information being transferred to the display hardware in a computer.
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| watermark: |
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These are bits altered within an image to create a pattern that indicates proof of ownership. Unauthorized use of a watermarked image can be traced.
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| white balance: |
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This is the balancing of color components to create pure white when scanning a white object.
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| wide-angle lens: |
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A lens that has an angle of view greater than that of a standard lens and that is considered of short focal length. This kind of lens is usually employed to include more of a subject within the confines of the image frame.
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| WYSIWYG: |
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Short for what you see is what you get, this term refers to the graphical interface that allows you to see onscreen what you will be able to print.
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| zoom lens: |
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Lens with variable focal length within a certain range.
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